In a tweet, Jiang Rui said:

The Afghans need to raise their awareness and recognization of the idea of 'Statehood' - the basics to establish any modern country. The 'Every person is a tribal person, or an ethnic person' approach has denied Afghanistan of modernity once. It will again.

One faction, or one interest group, that desires to achieve dominance in a region like Afghanistan can do so by superior military force. They can achieve that superiority on their own and/or by alliance with a foreign power. Such a solution suppresses conflicts with and among their several contending counterparts, The solution is particularly unstable when withdrawal of the foreign alliance partner weakens their military situation and may cause them to lose dominance.

While it is internally divided, its energies are likely to be squandered on internal strife, and the whole region is less able to resist conquest from the outside.

As with competitions among nations, few if any actors are willing to yield their own sovereignty to a union of nations.

In a tweet, Jiang Rui said:

Afghans were known for being open-up and inclusive when they were busy brokering trade on the Silk Road. Now Afghanistan is the hotbed for religious zealots and extremists, both before and after the US intervention. So why?

Was this change associated in time with the end of the Kingdom in 1973, the military coup in 1978, the Soviet incursion during the 1980s, the dominance of the Taliban from around 1996, or with the US occupation starting in 2001?

In a tweet, Jiang Rui said:

The strong and unremitting commitment to religious faith rather than the idea of science and progress landed Afghanistan nowhere but a Taliban takeover in 1996. And again this year.

Is the majority of people under Taliban control really bound to them by the Taliban's brand of Islam? Or is it that the Taliban members are bound by the ideology and therefore follow directions from the Taliban leadership to oppress and subdue the ordinary people? When and where did the militarization of “fundamentalist” Islam begin? How was it carried to Afghanistan? How well was it accepted by existing religious authorities?

In a tweet, Jiang Rui asked:

With the advent of the new Afghanistan, some questions need to be answered. For example, how can a tribal society be transformed into a modern society? How can a patriarchal government be replaced by a political system that emphasizes the protection of human rights and gender equality?What would be the best form of government that serves ethnic unity instead of deepening the ethnic divide?

AZ: I've made

how can a tribal society be transformed into a modern society? into the topic 1. How to transform a tribal society into a modern one

and

How can a patriarchal government be replaced by a political system that emphasizes the protection of human rights and gender equality? into the topic 2. [How to replace the patriarchal rule with the type of political system that highlights the protection of human rights and gender equality

What would be the best form of government that serves ethnic unity instead of deepening the ethnic divide

Also: کدام درسته؟ آیا پشتونها دوباره تحت پوشش افراط گرایی اسلامی بر افغانستان حکومت می کنند؟ یا دین سالاری اسلامی از طریق افراط گرایی پشتون؟ یا آیا پشتون ها به سادگی تصمیم می گیرند که افغانستان باید توسط آنها اداره شود ، حتی از طریق دولت افراط گرایی؟ Translated from Persian: Which is right? Are Pashtuns ruling Afghanistan again under the guise of Islamic extremism? Or Islamic theocracy through Pashtun extremism? Or do Pashtuns simply decide that Afghanistan should be ruled by them, even through an extremist government?

Moved this part to RUI's response

If the question is changed to 'Why should Afghanistan be united?“ or “Who benefits from a united Afghanistan”, the answer might be easier to find. Take the example of the unification of Germany or Italy in the 19th century. Unification meant the single tarrif nationwide and a unified market that operated on one set of policies instead of miscellaneous and arbitrary ones. The other example worthy referring to might be the case of China run by CCP, as what CCP did after seizing the power was to muster all the resources possible by force or by scheme and invest them all in the process of industrialization, and turned China from an agricultural country into an industrial state. And if one looks at all the issues raised about Afghanistan by far, one might find little of an agenda or whatsoever about the industrialization of the country. Yet it might be the key, because, as the case of Germany or Italy suggests, the industrial entrepreneurs and the businesspeople care the most about the unified economic polices as well as the market, which can only happen under a unified government, hence the drive for a unified country.